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Linear shafts / stepped on one side / external thread / internal thread / double end thread

Linear shafts / stepped on one side / external thread / internal thread / double end thread

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Technical Drawing - Linear Shafts

 

One End Two Tapped Holes:Related Image

 

Basic Properties (e.g. material, hardness, coating, tolerance) - Linear Shafts

 

TypeD Tol.MaterialHardnessSurface Treatment
Solid TypeTapped TypeStepped and Tapped TypeThreaded Type
SFDJSFDTSFDGSFDNg6EN 1.3505 Equiv.Effective Hardened Depth of Induction Hardening >>P.112
EN 1.3505 Equiv. 58HRC~
EN 1.4037 Equiv. 56HRC~		-
SSFDJSSFDTSSFDGSSFDNEN 1.4037 Equiv.
PSFDJPSFDTPSFDGPSFDNEN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome Plating
Plating Hardness: HV750 ~
Plating Thickness: 5µ or More

 

Further specifications can be found under the tab More Information.

 

Composition of a Product Code - Linear Shafts

 

Part Number-L-F-B-P-M-W-N
SFDJ20
SFDT20
SFDG20
SFDN20		-
-
-
-		75
525
400
500

-
-

F25
F30


-


B20

-
-

P16
P16
-
-
M8
M10		-
-
-
-		W10
W7
W12
W8		-
-
-
-		N4
N4
N4
N4

 

Alterations - Linear Shafts


One End Two Tapped Holes:Related Image

You find further options in detail under Option Overview.

 

Surface Limits / Hardness - Linear Shafts

 

Limits of hardness and hardening depth

The linear shafts are processed after the base material has undergone inductive hardening. Therefore, the processed surfaces may result in a deviating hardness.
In the following example, you can view the affected areas of the linear shaft, which may be affected after processing by e.g. threads, level surfaces, key surfaces and transverse bores.

 

Limitation of linear shaft induction hardening

 

Cause for deviating hardness

The raw material of the linear shaft is treated via thermal induction before grinding. Thus, a configured linear shaft can be custom-made not only cost-effectively, but also with short delivery times. The linear shaft is hardened at the boundary layer (boundary layer hardening) of the liner shaft. The depth of the hardened boundary layer depends on the material used and the diameter of the linear shaft. The following table shows the hardening depth of linear shafts.
Coatings and plating are applied to the raw material after hardening and grinding. For more information, see Coatings of the Linear Shaft.

 

Boundary layer hardening of a linear shaft

Figure of boundary layer hardening: hardened boundary layer in light gray

 

Effective hardening depth of linear shafts

Outside diameter (D)Effective hardening depth
EN 1.1191 equiv.EN 1.3505 equiv.EN 1.4125 equiv.EN 1.4301 equiv.
3-+0.5+0.5Without induction hardening
4-
5-
6 - 10+0.3
12 - 13+0.5+0.7+0.5
15 - 20+0.7
25 - 50+0.8+1

Overview of the effective hardening depth as PDF

 

Coatings of the linear shaft

The surface coating is applied to the raw material before machining the linear shaft. Thanks to their coating, the usable surface or work surface of the linear shaft is not only protected against corrosion but also against wear.
Machined positions of the linear shafts, such as plane surfaces or threads, may be uncoated, as they are added afterwards. This can lead to the machined surfaces being corroded in a linear shaft made of steel. If the linear shaft is used in a corrosive environment, it is recommended to use a stainless steel linear shaft.
The following figure shows the areas of the linear shaft that are coated (crosshatched). 

 

Surface coating after processing the linear shaft

Figure: Coating of linear shafts

 

You can find further information on surface treatment and hardness in this PDF .

 

General Information - Linear Shafts

 

Linear Shaft Selection Details

- Material: steel, stainless steel

- Coating/plating: uncoated, hard chrome plated, LTBC coated, chemically nickel-plated

- Heat treatment: untreated, inductively hardened

- ISO tolerances: h5, k5, g6, h6, h7, f8

- Precision classes: perpendicularity 0.03, concentricity (with thread and increments) Ø0.02, perpendicularity 0.20, concentricity (thread and stepper) Ø0.10

- Linearity/roundness: depends on diameter, here for the PDF

 

 

Description / basics of the linear shaft

Linear shafts are steel shafts that perform guiding tasks in combination with linear bearings, such as plain bearing bushings or linear ball bushings. Linear shaft holding functions can be adopted from shaft holders or linear ball bearing adapters. Most linear shafts are heat-treated (induction hardened) solid shafts. A special design of linear shafts is the hollow shaft, which is also called tubular shaft. Inductively hardened linear shafts have a high surface hardness and a tough core. The achievable surface hardness is approx. 55-58 HRC (see information on hardening depth). Linear shafts made of stainless steels can generally not be hardened. Therefore, these steel shafts should be chrome plated to protect them from wear.

 

Materials

Linear shafts are mainly hardened steel shafts. In addition to the selected heat treatment, the steel used in particular imparts its properties to the linear shaft, although it is a hollow shaft or a solid shaft. Therefore, special aspects such as hardness, corrosion and wear must be considered when selecting the shaft steel.

 

Coatings

To protect linear shafts from corrosion, the surface can be chemically nickel-plated. As an alternative to chemical nickel-plating, steel shafts can also be coated with LTBC. The LTBC coating is an anti-corrosive surface coating and it is a low-reflection coating, made of a 5 μm thick film of fluoropolymer, which in essence is a black film. In addition, the LTBC coating is resistant to bursting pressure by extreme or repeated bending. LTBC-coated linear shafts are thus particularly suitable for locations where corrosion or light reflections are undesirable. Linear shafts that require particularly high surface hardness and wear resistance can be hard chrome plated.

 

Function

The form and function of linear shafts differ from linear guiderails. Linear guiderails are square rails that work in combination with carriers (rotary elements, carriages) according to the rolling or sliding principle. Linear shafts on the other hand are precision-ground round steel shafts that take on a linear guide function in conjunction with linear ball bushings or plain bearing bushings (maintenance-free bushings).

 

Areas of Application

Linear shafts are intended for axial motion. Whether horizontal or vertical linear motion, all linear motions can be implemented with linear shafts. Common applications are stroke mechanisms and other applications with high demands on smoothness, precision and service life. Linear shafts can therefore be used in almost all industries of plant construction and mechanical engineering. Linear shafts are often found in 3D printers, metering equipment, measuring devices, positioning devices, alignment devices, bending devices and sorting equipment.

 

Instructions for Use / Installation  - Linear Shafts

 

For product selection, please observe the linear shaft tolerances (e.g. h5, k5, g6, h6, h7, f8) in conjunction with the diameter tolerance of the plain bearing bushing (sliding bearing) after pressing in or the running circle diameter of the linear ball bearing (ball bushing).

 

Diameter change of linear ball bushings after pressing  Inner diameter of linear ball bushings or ball bushings

 

Shaft Fasteners

 

Application Example of a Linear Shaft - Linear Shafts with Linear Ball Bushings - Linear Shafts with Shaft Holder
Application Example of a Linear Shaft Application Example - Linear Shaft with Linear Ball Bearings - Linear Ball Bearings with an Adjusting Ring
Application Example of a Linear Shaft - Linear Shaft with Shaft Holder
Application Example of a Linear Shaft - Linear Shaft with Circlip Groove - Linear Shaft with Circlip
Application Example of a Linear Shaft - Linear Shaft with Holding Washer
Application Example of a Linear Shaft - Linear Thread - Outer Threaded Linear Shaft - Linear Threaded with inner and outer threads
Application Example of a Linear Shaft - Cross Bore Linear Shaft - Inner Thread Linear Shaft
Application Example of a Linear Shaft - Cross Bore Linear Shaft - Outer Thread Linear Shaft

   

Supplementary Article

 

Shaft holder

Product range of shaft holders

 

Adjusting rings/clamping rings

Product range of adjusting rings - product range of clamping rings

 

Linear ball bearing

Product range of linear ball bearings - product range of ball sleeves - linear ball bearing with housing

 

Plain bearing bushings

Product range of sliding bearing bushings - plain bearing with housing

 

Ball guides

Ball guide product range

 

Industrial Applications

 

3D printer industry
3D printer industry
Automotive industry
Automotive industry
Pharmaceutical industry
Pharmaceutical industry
Packaging industry
Packaging industry

  

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  1. 1
Part Number
PSFDJ15-[25-750/1]-W[5-14/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
PSFDJ16-[30-800/1]-W[5-15/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
PSFDJ18-[30-900/1]-W[5-17/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
PSFDJ20-[30-1000/1]-W[5-19/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
PSFDJ25-[35-1200/1]-W[5-24/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
PSFDJ30-[35-1500/1]-W[5-29/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
PSFDJ35-[35-1500/1]-W[5-34/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
PSFDJ40-[50-1500/1]-W[5-39/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
PSFDJ50-[50-1500/1]-W[5-39/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ15-[25-750/1]-W[5-14/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ16-[30-800/1]-W[5-15/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ18-[30-900/1]-W[5-17/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ20-[30-1000/1]-W[5-19/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ25-[35-1200/1]-W[5-24/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ30-[35-1500/1]-W[5-29/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ35-[35-1500/1]-W[5-34/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ40-[50-1500/1]-W[5-39/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SFDJ50-[50-1500/1]-W[5-39/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ15-[25-750/1]-W[5-14/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ16-[30-800/1]-W[5-15/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ18-[30-900/1]-W[5-17/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ20-[30-1000/1]-W[5-19/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ25-[35-1200/1]-W[5-24/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ30-[35-1500/1]-W[5-29/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ35-[35-1500/1]-W[5-34/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ40-[50-1500/1]-W[5-39/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
SSFDJ50-[50-1500/1]-W[5-39/1]-N[4,​5,​6,​8,​10,​12]
Part NumberMinimum order quantityVolume Discount
Standard
Shipping Days
?
RoHSShaft end Shape (Left) [D] Diameter (Shaft)
(mm) 		Material Surface Treatment Hardness End Section Type [B] Length (thread)
(mm) 		[MSC] Size (fine thread, depth 2xMSC)
(mm) 		[F] Length (stud, offset, front side)
(mm) 		[PMC] Size (fine thread)
(mm) 		[PMS] Size (fine thread)
(mm) 		[P] Diameter (stepped, front side)
(mm) 		[N] Size (thread, depth 2xN)
(mm) 		[M] Size (thread, depth 2xM)
(mm) 		[W] Diameter (thread, internal, front side)
(mm)
1 7 Days 10Straight15[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 14
1 7 Days 10Straight16[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 15
1 7 Days 10Straight18[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 17
1 7 Days 10Straight20[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 19
1 7 Days 10Straight25[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 24
1 7 Days 10Straight30[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 29
1 7 Days 10Straight35[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 34
1 7 Days 10Straight40[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 39
1 7 Days 10Straight50[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.Hard Chrome PlatedInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 39
1 7 Days 10Straight15[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 14
1 7 Days 10Straight16[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 15
1 7 Days 10Straight18[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 17
1 7 Days 10Straight20[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 19
1 7 Days 10Straight25[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 24
1 7 Days 10Straight30[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 29
1 7 Days 10Straight35[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 34
1 7 Days 10Straight40[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 39
1 7 Days 10Straight50[Alloyed Steel] EN 1.3505 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (58HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 39
1 7 Days 10Straight15[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 14
1 7 Days 10Straight16[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 15
1 7 Days 10Straight18[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 17
1 7 Days 10Straight20[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 19
1 7 Days 10Straight25[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 24
1 7 Days 10Straight30[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 29
1 7 Days 10Straight35[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 34
1 7 Days 10Straight40[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 39
1 7 Days 10Straight50[Corrosion-Resistant Steel] EN 1.4037 Equiv.NoInduction Hardening (56HRC~)Straight------4 ～ 12-5 ～ 39

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Back to Linear Shaft Category

Technical Drawing - Linear Shafts

 

One End Two Tapped Holes:Related Image

 

Specification Tables - Linear Shafts

 

Overview of the shaft designs as PDF

 

■Solid Type, One End Tapped Type, One End Stepped and Tapped Type
Part Number1mm IncrementSelectionW
specified in
1mm Increment		N Selection(Y)Max.RC
TypeDL (Solid / Tapped)L (Stepped and Tapped)FPM (Tapped)M (Stepped and Tapped)
Solid
Type
SFDJ
SSFDJ
PSFDJ		Tapped Type SFDT
SSFDT
PSFDT		Stepped and Tapped SFDG
SSFDG
PSFDG		1525~75025~7502≤F≤Px46~13456810     3456810     D-W-N≥4

W-N≥3		4
5
6
8
10
12		8020.3 or Less0.5 or Less
1630~80025~8006~14456810     3456810     856
1830~90025~9008~1645681012     45681012    964
2030~100025~10008~1745681012     45681012    10681.0 or Less
2535~120025~11988~224568101216    4568101216   1200
3035~150025~14989~27  6810121620    5681012162024 1500
3535~150025~14989~32   81012162024   5681012162024 15000.5 or Less
4050~150025~149811~37    101216202430   681012162024301500
5050~150025~149811~47     1216202430   681012162024301500
• Tapped Type Not applicable when Mx2.5+4+Nx2.5+4≤L. • Stepped and Tapped Type P≥M+3 Not applicable when Mx2.5+4+Nx2.5+4≤L.

■Threaded Type
Part Number1mm IncrementP
Selection		W
specified in 1mm Increment		N Selection(Y)Max.RC
TypeDLFB (Threaded)
Threaded Type
SFDN
SSFDN
PSFDN		1525~7502≤F≤Px5(When P=5, 6)
 B≤F-2

(When P=8, 10)
 B≤F-3

(When P≥12)
 B≤F-5

B≥Pitchx3		5681012    D-W-N≥4

W-N≥3		4
5
6
8
10
12		8250.3 or Less0.5 or Less
*1625~8005681012    880
1825~900568101216   990
*2025~1000 68101216   11001.0 or Less
2525~1198  81012162024 1200
*3025~1498  81012162024 1500
3525~1498   10121620243015000.5 or Less
4025~1498    12162024301500
5025~1498     162024301500
D>P
 
Coarse Thread Dimension
MPitch
30.5
40.7
50.8
61.0
81.25
101.5
 
Coarse Thread Dimension
MPitch
121.75
162.0
202.5
243.0
303.5

 

Alterations - Linear Shafts


One End Two Tapped Holes:Related Image

You find further options in detail under Option Overview.

 

Basic information

Basic Shape Solid Shaft end Shape (Right) Tapped Shaft end Perpendicularity 0.2
Heat Treatment Induction Hardened ISO Tolerance g6

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Basic Attributes

  • [D] Diameter (Shaft)(mm)

    • 15
    • 16
    • 18
    • 20
    • 25
    • 30
    • 35
    • 40
    • 50

    Clear

  • Material

    • Alloyed Steel
      • EN 1.3505 Equiv.
    • Corrosion-Resistant Steel
      • EN 1.4037 Equiv.

    Clear

  • Surface Treatment

    • No
    • Hard Chrome Plated

    Clear

  • Hardness

    • Induction Hardening (56HRC~)
    • Induction Hardening (58HRC~)

    Clear

  • End Section Type

    • Stepped and Tapped Shafts
    • Straight
    • Tapped
    • Threads

    Clear

  • [B] Length (thread)(mm)

     

    Clear

  • [MSC] Size (fine thread, depth 2xMSC)(mm)

    • 8
    • 10
    • 12
    • 14
    • 16
    • 18

    Clear

  • [F] Length (stud, offset, front side)(mm)

     

    Clear

  • [PMC] Size (fine thread)(mm)

    • 5
    • 6
    • 8
    • 10
    • 12
    • 15
    • 17
    • 20
    • 25
    • 30

    Clear

  • [PMS] Size (fine thread)(mm)

    • 10
    • 12
    • 14
    • 18

    Clear

  • [P] Diameter (stepped, front side)(mm)

    • 5
    • 6
    • 8
    • 10
    • 12
    • 16
    • 20
    • 24
    • 30

     

    Clear

  • [N] Size (thread, depth 2xN)(mm)

    • 4
    • 5
    • 6
    • 8
    • 10
    • 12

    Clear

  • [M] Size (thread, depth 2xM)(mm)

    • 3
    • 4
    • 5
    • 6
    • 8
    • 10
    • 12
    • 16
    • 20
    • 24
    • 30

    Clear

  • [W] Diameter (thread, internal, front side)(mm)

     [5-39/1mm Unit(s)]

    Clear

  • Type

    • PSFDG
    • PSFDJ
    • PSFDN
    • PSFDT
    • SFDG
    • SFDJ
    • SFDN
    • SFDT
    • SSFDG
    • SSFDJ
    • SSFDN
    • SSFDT

    Clear

  • Shaft end Shape (Left)

    • Straight
    • Tapped
    • Threads

    Clear

  • Filter by CAD data type

    • 2D
    • 3D

    Clear

Filter by standard shipping days

    • All
    • 7 Days or Less

    Reset

Optional Attributes

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Question:

What is the difference between a hollow shaft and a solid shaft?
Answer:

With the same size, there are three differences between a hollow shaft and a solid shaft. Hollow shafts weigh less. The inner cavity of a hollow shaft is suitable for use as a channel (cable channel). Solid shafts are a bit more rigid (higher resistance torque).
Question:

What is the minimum order of linear shafts from MISUMI?
Answer:

MISUMI supplies solid shafts, hollow shafts and precision shafts starting at a lot size of 1. This also applies to all other items in our product range.
Question:

Noises and vibrations occur with a linear shaft. In addition, there are jerky movements. What could cause this?

Answer:

In general, it may be caused if the steel shaft is not properly lubricated. In addition, an incorrectly selected diameter tolerance of the linear shafts may also make the cycle of motion more difficult. When using MISUMI linear ball bearings, a g6 shaft tolerance is recommended (tolerance recommendations may vary depending on the manufacturer).
Question:

What is the strength of a solid shaft?
Answer:

The strength of a linear shaft, although it is a solid shaft, hollow shaft or precision shaft, should always be selected in consideration of the strength of the material used.
Question:

What are the advantages of a hollow shaft over a solid shaft?
Answer:

There are various advantages of a hollow shaft compared to a solid shaft. If the outer diameter is the same, the weight of a hollow shaft is lower than that of a solid shaft. However, the cavity of the hollow shaft can also be used as a cable channel or for cooling. A hollow shaft is at the same weight or with the same cross-sectional area more rigid than a solid shaft, because the outer diameter is larger. However, the question that needs to be answered is whether the advantage is a greater room utilization or less weight.
Question:

Is a hollow shaft stiffer than a solid shaft?
Answer:

The rigidity of a hollow shaft is slightly lower with the same outer diameter than that of a solid shaft. However, with the same cross-sectional area or with the same weight, the stiffness of a hollow shaft is higher than that of a solid shaft, because the outer diameter of the hollow shaft is larger.
Question:

Why do I have running grooves on the linear shafts of my 3D printers?
Answer:

The running grooves on the linear shaft may have been created, for example, by using a linear ball bearing. To prevent grooves from forming on a steel shaft, it should be hardened and hard chromium plated, making it more durable and resistant to the wear and tear from ball bearings.
Question:

How do the flexure properties of hollow shafts and solid shafts differ?
Answer:

With an equally large outer diameter, a solid shaft has better flexure properties than an equally large hollow shaft. However, the solid shaft is not much stiffer than a hollow shaft with the same outer diameter, since the outer sections mainly carry the load. Hollow shafts with the same cross-sectional area are more rigid than solid shafts, because they have a larger outer diameter. Therefore, there is physically more material in the outer sections for the bending, which bears the loads.
Question:

I need a lacquered or matted shaft because reflections cause problems with the optics. Does MISUMI have something like that?
Answer:

MISUMI LTBC-coated linear shafts are an alternative to painted or matted steel shafts. The LTBC coating is low-reflection and has the same effect as painted and matte shafts. In addition, LTBC-coated linear shafts are more resistant to wear and tear and flaking. You can find further information on LTBC coating here .
Question:

It has been shown that a hollow shaft is stronger than a solid shaft made of the same material. Why?
Answer:

A hollow shaft with the same outer dimensions is principally not stronger than a solid shaft. However, a hollow shaft per weight unit is stronger.

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